# 3.4. Toán tử logic

**<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Cú pháp:**

![](https://book.inetcloud.vn/uploads/images/gallery/2024-07/embedded-image-6f5rq4g0.png)

<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span>

**<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">b) </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Toán từ:</span>**

**Toán tử nhị phân:**

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" id="bkmrk-a-b-a-and-b-a-or-b-t" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;"><thead><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; height: 17.0pt;"><td style="width: 90.7pt; border: 1pt solid black; background: rgb(217, 217, 217); padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 17pt;" valign="top" width="121"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">a</span>

</td><td style="width: 91.9pt; border-top: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: none; background: rgb(217, 217, 217); padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 17pt;" valign="top" width="123"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">b</span>

</td><td style="width: 85.05pt; border-top: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: none; background: rgb(217, 217, 217); padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 17pt;" valign="top" width="113"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">a AND b</span>

</td><td style="width: 85.05pt; border-top: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: none; background: rgb(217, 217, 217); padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 17pt;" valign="top" width="113"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">a OR b</span>

</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; height: 17.0pt;"><td style="width: 90.7pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="121">true

</td><td style="width: 91.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="123">true

</td><td style="width: 85.05pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">true

</td><td style="width: 85.05pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">True

</td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; height: 17.0pt;"><td style="width: 90.7pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="121">true

</td><td style="width: 91.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="123">false

</td><td style="width: 85.05pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">false

</td><td style="width: 85.05pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">false

</td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; height: 17.0pt;"><td style="width: 90.7pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="121">true

</td><td style="width: 91.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="123">NULL

</td><td style="width: 85.05pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">NULL

</td><td style="width: 85.05pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">true

</td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; height: 17.0pt;"><td style="width: 90.7pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="121">false

</td><td style="width: 91.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="123">false

</td><td style="width: 85.05pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">false

</td><td style="width: 85.05pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">false

</td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; height: 17.0pt;"><td style="width: 90.7pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="121">false

</td><td style="width: 91.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="123">NULL

</td><td style="width: 85.05pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">false

</td><td style="width: 85.05pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">NULL

</td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; height: 17.0pt;"><td style="width: 90.7pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="121">NULL

</td><td style="width: 91.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="123">NULL

</td><td style="width: 85.05pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">NULL

</td><td style="width: 85.05pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="113">NULL

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p class="callout info"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">**Lưu ý:** </span>Các toán tử logic liên quan đến NULL không phải lúc nào cũng có giá trị là NULL.   
Ví dụ: NULL AND false sẽ đánh giá là sai và NULL OR true sẽ đánh giá là đúng. Dưới đây là các bảng sự thật đầy đủ.</span></p>

**Toán tử một ngôi:**

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" id="bkmrk-a-not-a-true-false-f" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; height: 17.0pt;"><td style="width: 90.7pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; background: #D9D9D9; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="121"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">a</span>

</td><td style="width: 91.9pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; background: #D9D9D9; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="123"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">NOT a</span>

</td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; height: 17.0pt;"><td style="width: 90.7pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="121">true

</td><td style="width: 91.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="123">false

</td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; height: 17.0pt;"><td style="width: 90.7pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="121">false

</td><td style="width: 91.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="123">true

</td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; height: 17.0pt;"><td style="width: 90.7pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="121">NULL

</td><td style="width: 91.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 17.0pt;" valign="top" width="123">NULL

</td></tr></tbody></table>